A long time ago, dancing duo of giant black holes seemed to spiral towards each other and eventually destined to collide with a tremendous, almost unimaginable space smashup. When dancing in the dark, the strange pair merges only millions of years from now, One hundred million A supernova explosion destroys a huge star. The dark heart of a large, if not all, universe, including our Milky Way, has a massive black hole with a mass equivalent to millions or billions of suns. Contains these incredible dark objects and their host galaxies, or appear to evolve together, or “Co-evolution”. Theory predicts that as galaxies collide, eventually merge, and as a result become larger, so will the dark mind. The January 7, 2015 issue of the journal Nature , A team of astronomers reports on strange repeating light signals from a distance quasar What they say is probably the result of a huge black hole duo dancing in the last act of the merger-something predicted by theory but never seen before! A quasar A very nice and bright object that overwhelms all the stars in the host galaxy Combined , And visible from the whole universe!
The black hole itself is impossible to observe and is hidden because it is in a mysterious darkness. However, their gravity is wound up by the surrounding gas, Accretion disc. Jitter bagging particles disk It is accelerated at very high speeds and emits enormous amounts of energy in the form of heat and powerful X-rays and gamma rays. If this strange process occurs in the case of a huge black hole, the result is quasar .
" quasar Is a valuable probe of the evolution of the galaxy and its central black hole, ”said Dr. George Jorgovsky on January 7, 2015. California Tech [Caltech] press release. Dr. Jorgovsky is an astronomy professor, Data-driven discovery center At California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California.
The discovery of this dance duo of supermassive black holes may help shed new light on the long-standing mystery of astrophysics The last parsec problem. of Final parsec problem This refers to the failure of the theoretical model to predict how the final stage of the black hole merger will look and how long this incredible process takes.
“The final stage of the merger of these super-massive black hole systems is not very well understood. The discovery of a system that appears to be in this late stage of evolution allows us to observe what is happening now Dr. Matthew Graham, the lead author of the January 7, 2015 survey Caltech press release. Dr. Graham is a senior computational scientist at the California Institute of Technology.
Dance in the dark
The supermassive black hole lurking in the secret heart of the galaxy grows by devouring the surroundings and devours gas and unimaginable fateful stars. They are also very sloppy, swallowing more than they can actually, and throwing some of the terrible frustration remnants into the surrounding space.
Despite its name, black holes are empty spaces. In fact, they represent a large amount of material packed in a very small space-and they come in at least 2 sizes, Super huge And Stellar mass. There may be Intermediate mass A black hole much heavier than the "only" one Stellar mass But much lighter than them Super huge parent.
Black Hole Stellar mass Supernova explosion violently and very heavy stars collapse and form when large dying stars are blown into oblivion-thus telling the end of its beautiful and active life Main sequence [Hydrogen combustion] star. After a black hole emerges from a star mess, you can gain more and more weight by devouring things that can be snatched with gravitational claws. Many astronomers eat fateful stars and gas lumps or fuse with other strange types of stars, Super huge Beasts are formed from small species.
Astronomers say that every big galaxy in the universe is hungry and greedy, Super huge A beast in that mysterious heart. There is a strange object, secreted by the host galaxy core, waiting for lunch to fall into its greedy mouth.
Gas and fate star clouds swirl in a violent swirl surrounding a supermassive black hole, thus huge and wonderful Accretion disc. This star's bad material gets hotter and emits a huge amount of radiation, especially as you approach the terrible return point called radioactive material Event horizon Is the innermost area of Accretion disc.
The more you look into the universe, the more you look back. Distant astronomy is the same as that far away. Because the farther a shining object is in the universe, the longer it takes for the moving light to reach us. A known signal in spacetime cannot travel faster than light. Also, the light that strays to us from the farthest object in the universe cannot travel to us faster than this universal speed limit. The position of an object in space cannot be determined without being identified in time.
Astronomers use what is called Redshift Or z To explain how far and far away an object is. 1+ measurable quantity z Is the reason why the cosmos has expanded since the first time when the light source emitted bright light. In addition, this is the reason why the wavelength of light that currently reaches the Earth is stretched as a result of the expansion of space. In astronomy, both time and distance, and the wavelength of the light being observed are all closely related.
Albert Einstein General relativity [1915] Predict the existence of black holes. nothing But instead of light, you can be free and escape from the unrelenting gravitational embrace--one that is unhappy enough to move too close to one of these gravitational beasts is destined to be eaten by it . Nevertheless, as Einstein doubted his own predictions, at that point it seemed that the true existence of natural black holes was so far fetched. But eventually he characterized them by saying, "Black holes are the place where God divided by zero."
Our spiral starry Milky Way Galaxy resident supermassive black hole is Sagittarius A * . As supermassive black holes progress, they are relatively light and weigh about 4 million suns, as opposed to billions of solar masses. They are older, quiet, lazy and gaining weight at a relatively slow pace.
Dance black hole duo
Dr. Djorgovski discussed the new study at the American Astronomical Society [AAS] Winter Annual Meeting in January 2015 in Seattle, Washington. He and his team discovered a strange light signal emanating from a distance quasar Dubbed PG 1302-102 After analyzing the results obtained from Catalina Real-time Transient Survey [CRTS] Using three terrestrial telescopes in the United States and Australia, we constantly monitor the light sources of 500 million celestial bodies scattered about 80% of the night sky.
“There has never been a dataset quasar Variability that approaches this range before. In the past, scientists studying the variability of quasar You may be able to track dozens or even up to hundreds of objects with only a limited number of measurements. In any case, we saw 250,000 cases quasar And we were able to collect hundreds of data points for each. "Dr. Djorgovski, director CRTS, January 7, 2015 Caltech press release.
Dr. Daniel Stern, co-author of the study, said, “To date, the only known example of a supermassive black hole heading for a merger has been hundreds of thousands of light-years away. The merger will take millions and even billions of years. PG 1302-102 It is at most several hundred light-years apart, and may merge within about one million years. “Dr. Stern JPL.
Dr. Djorgovski and his team initially did not attempt to discover the black hole merger. Instead, they started by starting a systematic study of quasar Brightness fluctuations aimed at discovering new clues about their mysterious physics. However, after selecting data using the pattern search algorithm developed by Dr. Graham, astronomers 20 quasar It seemed to emit a periodic light signal. Most light curves quasar The material from is very mixed otic as a result of random nature Accretion disk Spiral on black hole. Dr. Graham explained to the press on January 7, 2015: quasar. If you do it, it will stand out. "
PG 1302-102 Proven to be the best example of the 20 periodic quasar samples collected CRTS Detected. This is clearly due to a strong and clean signal that repeats about every five years. “There is a very smooth up / down signal similar to a sine wave and I have never seen it before quasar," Dr. Graham continued the explanation.
The team was initially careful to jump to the conclusion. But after analysis by co-author Dr. Eilat Grikman, they became more and more confident quasar Light spectrum. Dr. Glikman is an assistant professor of physics at Middlebury University in Vermont. Scientists believe black holes quasar It does not emit light itself, Accretion disk Since the zipper is rotating at a very high speed, the plasma becomes hot and flaming.
“If you look at the emission lines in the spectrum of the object, you are actually seeing information about speed. What is going towards you, away from you, and how fast is it? The Doppler effect usually has one bright line, which is a symmetrical curve. quasar In order to fit the data, we had to add a second emission line at a slightly different speed than the first emission line. As the second black hole, this system has been confused, ”Dr. Grikman explained to the press on January 7, 2015.
Dr. Abi Loeb agrees with the team's interpretation of their discovery that it is the most likely explanation of the strange periodic signal observed by the “tight” supermassive black hole binaries. “Evidence suggests that radiation originates from a very compact area around the black hole, and that the speed of the radiating material in that area is at least one tenth of the speed of light. Periodic fluctuations in the radiation of stars, as star clusters and other dense celestial bodies are destroyed by the strong gravity of the primary black hole, Robe, chair of the astronomy department at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Explained on January 7, JPL press release.
The discovery of the team is also a testament to the power of “big data” science. There are challenges not only in collecting high-quality data, but also in developing a method for mining it for important information. “Basically, I always take a picture of the entire sky because I take a few pictures of the entire sky and repeatedly observe a small patch of the sky. It won't be exciting, but there are a lot of interesting things we've missed before, "Dr. Stein Finney explained to reporters on January 7, 2015. Finney, a professor of theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology, was not involved in the study.
However, it remains unknown which physical mechanism is responsible quasar Repeat the light signal. One possible explanation is, according to Dr. Dave Graham: quasar Funnel material from Accretion disk It becomes a bright twin duo of a plasma jet rotating in a manner similar to a beam emanating from a lighthouse. “If shining jets are sweeping regularly, they will only appear if they are directed directly at us. The final result is a signal that repeats regularly,” Graham explained to the press.
Another possible explanation is Accretion disk The part surrounding both black holes is distorted. “If one area is thicker than the other, Accretion disk It may have blocked the light from quasar Regularly. This will explain the periodicity of the signal we are seeing, "Dr. Graham continued to explain.
Something else may have occurred Accretion disk In other words, material is released into the black hole at regular intervals, and periodic bursts of energy are observed.
“There are some physical mechanisms behind the periodicity we see, but the precessing jet, warp Accretion disk Or regular dumping-all these are basically caused by a close binary system, "Graham commented.
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